Principles
In basket centrifuges, the solids & liquids are separated by centrifugal force using a filter media (usually a cloth) mounted over supporting mesh, which are together supported inside the rotating basket. The slurry to be filtered is fed through the feed nozzles to the basket and due to centrifugal force the liquid is forced out through the filter media while solids are retained within the filter media inside the basket. These solids then separated or discharged by various discharging methods namely - manually, bag lifting basket, through scrapper, operated manually pneumatically / hydraulically, for which different models are available.

Suspension / Mounting :
All the bottom driven basket centrifuges can be supplied either in 3 point type suspension or the newer 4 point type mounting (on VISCO Damper / Sordino Damper) anti vibration mounts.

Material of construction :
Carbon Steel, Stainless Steel, Hastalloy, Rubber Lined, 
Fluoro Polymer Coatings like Halar (ECTFE), PVDF (ETFE ), Teflon (PFA) etc.

Lining / Coating can be provided on the contact parts as well as 
on the exterior body for prevention from spillage and corrosive atmosphere.

Advantages of 4 Point Mounting :

• Level of vibration is much lower & operates very smoothly.
• Can be mounted on upper floor and can be easily relocated.
• Almost negligible maintenance cost.
• Working area is free from abstracts and a clean area can be maintained.

Types / Models of Basket Centrifuges :

• Pilot Plant Centrifuge
• Bottom Driven Top Discharge Type Centrifuge
• Bag Lifting Type Centrifuge
• Bottom Discharge Type Centrifuge with/without Scrapper
• Top Driven Bottom Discharge Centrifuge

Additional Features (Optional)

1. Residual Heel (Cake Removal System)
2. Cleaning in Place (CIP)
3. Leak Test as per DIN 24 400
4. Nitrogen Blanking System
5. Speed Indication with Zero Speed Switch
6. Automation
7. Cake Sensor

Function
Reaction Vessels are used in carrying out a wide variety of chemical reactions including condensation, polymerization, esterification etherifciation, hydrolysis, hydration, reduction, oxidation, hydrogenation etc. at pressures (Up to 30 Kg. / cm²) and at temperatures ranging -20°C to +250°C. Reaction needing simultaneous fractional distillation and azeotropic distillation can also be conducted very efficiently using these chemical reaction vessels.

Material of Constructions
Various materials of construction, such as MS, SS304, SS 316, SS 316L, Rubber Lined etc, can be offered as per requirement. 

Ribbon Blender
Ribbon Blender accurately blends small proportion into large stocks and rapidly mixes and discharge.

Multiple blades set at different angles on the horizontal shaft, sweep the entire length of the mixer trough. Ribbon Blender have the effect of moving alternate sections of the mix towards the center of trough and remainder towards the outer ends. This moves and turns the whole mixture to & fro, up & down movement, leaving no pockets of unmixed material and giving a through blending in the shortest possible time. 

Construction
Fabricated from heavy gauge steel, or any specified material of construction. Design aspect planned for maximum efficiency in leak proof construction. Built for long trouble free service.

ULTRA FINE AIR CLASSIFYING MILL (ACM):
Ultrafine Air Classifying Mills are used for size reduction of various products to microfine particle sizes. The system incorporates integral classifier where the fine particles of desired size are segregated and the over size particles back to the grinding chamber and re-grinded until the desired particle size is obtained. Air Classifying Mill is very compact and efficient, having sharp classifier cut points which are instantly adjustable. The system incorporates grinding and classification in one single compact space saving design.

SALIENT FEATURES :

• Grinding and Classifying in one machine
• Cool and smooth grinding
• Steep particle size distribution
• Sharp Classifier cut point, instantly adjustable.
• Easy cleaning and maintenance.
• Low specific energy requirement
• Compact space saving design.

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION :
The material to be ground is conveyed from a hopper by screw feeder or pneumatically fed through Rotary Air Lock Feeder to the grinding chamber of the Air Classifying Mill (ACM). The pins/bars of the rotor break the particles of the material. These particles are entrained by an air stream which enters below the pin rotor and are carried up between the inner wall and the shroud ring with baffles which decrease the air swirl. These particle then enter the classifying section where the fine material is carried out with the air through the classifier rotor to the outlet, the course material is thrown against the shroud rind and carried down to the pin rotor for further reduction. After leaving the micronizer air mixed with fine particles enter the bag filter where the fine particles are separated and the clean air is discharged to the atmosphere.

Jet Mill is used for micronizing of solids of agro-chemicals, chemicals, pigments, minerals. Pharmaceuticals, thermoplastics and other heat sensitive, corrosive and abrasive materials. 

PRINCIPAL OF OPERATION :
Jet Mill works on micronizing of products using compressed air instead of mechanical impacts due to which the micro size is very fine. Micro milled products are obtained in microns after the material collide with each other and reduce themselves by attrition and collision.

APPLICATION :
Jet Mill are used in industries like Agro chemicals, Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals, Ceramics, Metals, Minerals, Paints, Plastics and others like Food Colours, Fuller Earth, Toner, Wax, etc.

Rotary Dryers are used to remove moisture from material using hot gases to heat the feed material and to evaporate the water. Rotary Dryers are suitable for drying wide range of materials continuously because of its ability to process material having considerable variation in size and composition.

Construction :  Rotary Dryers are slightly inclined cylinder shell supported by two nos. riding rings(tyres) running on a set of support Rollers. Fabricated in carbon, stainless steel and carbon+Ebonite lined with flights or lifters are welded or bolted internally to produce cascade of particles falling through hot gas stream. The mechanical lifting of the material allows to dry materials from filter cake to coarse minerals also helps in breaking-up lumps for uniform drying. The length of the drum may range from 4 to 10 times its diameter. Normal dryers the length will be 10 times its diameter and usually operate with 12 to 15% of their volume filled with the material. End closer seals :  Both the ends of the drum are closed by steel fabricated hoods with air inlet/outlet chute with suitable seals in between the hood and the dryer drum. If slight ingress of air is acceptable simple felt seals can be used, bolted to a stationary end plate and positioned in between to seal rings. If air is unacceptable spring loaded friction seals are provided, where two finished metal surfaces are in contact under spring pressure. The sealing segments require regular adjustment and replacement. Operation :  Dying is achieved by passing the material being processed through the horizontal rotating drum which also passes a current of hot air. Lifters or flights fitted internal surface of the drum lift and cascade the material through the hot air stream. The hot air steam can be directed through the cylinder either in the same direction as material (co-current) or in the opposite direction (counter current). Counter current applications are more efficient in terms of energy input but give rise to high product temperature, with the associated handling problem. Air Heater :  The air may be heated indirectly by means of thermal oil or electricity-heated or steam heat exchanger. Air Handling System :  In Rotary Dryer the flow of air is induced by a centrifugal fan located up stream of the air heater with filter at fan inlet. The exhaust air is removed either by a second centrifugal fan at the outlet or direct at outlet end of the dryer and through dust collector. The exhaust gas stream from any drying operation inevitable include a significant amount of fine particles and these fine particles may be collected by passing the gases through cyclones or bag filter or wet scrubber or any combination on any or all of these, depending upon the nature and quantity of dust involved. Process Control :  For any system there is relationship between the product moisture content and exhaust air temperature. Therefore product moisture can be controlled through the control of exhaust air temperature by regulating the flow of heat by means of temperature controller with a thermocouple located in the exhaust air duct. The optimum performance can be achieved if the dryer operates as per design conditions and with constant evaporative load. Any variation in evaporation load due to variation in feed rate or moisture content results in a corresponding variation in exhaust temperature which in turn increases or decreases air heater output and it raises or lowers the inlet air temperature. Thus evaporative load may be controlled by measurement of inlet air temperature using controller with temperature probe located in the inlet air duct and output signal to a variable rate feeder, which generally provides control of the drying system. Dust Collecting Equipments : Exhaust gases from Rotary Dryer contain certain proportion of very fine dust which becomes entrained in the air stream while in contact with materials being dried. A Dust collector of high efficiency cyclone type is used. Even the most efficient cyclone type dust collector will not collect all the dust. Very fine particles which escape the dry collector may be recovered by mean of a wet collector in the form of sludge or alternatively by means of a Bag Filter Application : Rotary Dryers are used to dry Potassium Chlorate, Barium Nitrate, Sodium Chloride, Sodium Nitrate, Ilmenite, Urea Crystals, etc.

Agitated Nutsche Filter is a closed vessel designed to separate solid and liquid by  filtration under pressure or vacuum or in combination of both. The resulting wet cake can be re-slurried and washed thoroughly with water or solvent. The discharge of wet cake is automatic. Drying of wet cake is also possible when drying features are incorporated. The closed system ensures  odourless contamination free and non-polluting working conditions maintaining product purity and hygiene. Agitated Nutsche Filters are extensively used in CHEMICAL, HERBAL, PHARMA, AGRO CHEMICAL & FOOD Industries.

DESCRIPTION
Agitated Nutsche Filter consists of a cylindrical shell with a welded dished end at the top and a flat welded end at the bottom. The vessel is divided into two compartments by means of a perforated plate, provided with suitable filter cloth. The base plate is having arrangement of bolting bar to hold the filter cloth. Suitable support mesh is provided under filter cloth to facilitate the flow of filtrate. An agitator of unique design and rigid and in “S” curved provided inside the vessel to perform the movements of vertical and rotational directions simultaneously, by means of push buttons switches/PLC. and to take the high torque generated during solid discharge and re-slurring operation. 

OPERATION
Slurry is fed into the top compartment from where filtrate passes into the lower chamber en route to receiver. Solids are deposited on the filtering media in the top compartment and take the shape of cake of a uniform thickness. The agitator pushes the solid content in the slurry upwards by keeping it under suspension till maximum possible filtrate passes through the filter bed. It then seals the cracks in the cake, which develops after most of the filtrate has passed through, by smoothening the top surface of the cake.

Agitated Nutsche Filter Dryer also squeezes out some of the moisture in the cake by slightly pressing the cake uniformly with the help of specially designed blades. After the separation of solvent/mother liquor and if the cake requires washing, the entire cake can be re-slurried and agitated, so that all the particles forming the cake can be exposed to wash liquor and be thoroughly washed through the specially designed agitator. This improves quality of the finished products. After washing and removal of wash liquor, the cake can be discharged through a quick opening side discharge door, by rotating and lowering agitator in the discharge direction. No manual handling is required.

Process Steps

• Filtration
• Washing of Filter Cake
• Repeat mix or washing of the cake
• Convection drying of the cake
• Smoothing with compression of the cake
•  Fully Automatic discharge of the wet or dried cake.

Advantages

• The equipment is functionally safe and easy to operate.
• No manual handling.
• Through washing of cake.
• Toxic and hazardous material can be processed.
• Product purity maintained
• Blending of product possible before discharging.
• Complete automation.
• Combining filtration, washing, re-slurry and drying in a fully enclosed automated unit thus reduction of capital and operating costs.
• Large quantities can be processed faster than the conventional systems.
• Heat transfer surface can be provided on the vessel wall by providing jacket or limpet.

Spin Flash Dryer is used for effective and efficient method of removal of surface or on bound moisture from a feed product. Spin Flash Dryers are designed for continuous drying of cohesive and non-cohesive pastes, filter cakes and high viscosity liquids. Under the action of hot air and mechanical dispersion, the wet cake appears granular and gets fluidized. Instantaneous exchange of heat and mass takes place. The dried materials are taken in the collector as powder products.

The spin flash dryer system consist of double shaft screw followed by mono screw to feed homogenized material into dryer housing at controlled rate. Hot air is supplied by a temperature controlled air heater and speed controlled fan, entering the drying chamber at a tangent in order to establish a turbulent, whirling air flow. The rotor at the base of the drying chamber fluidizes the product particles and dispersed using the heat from the air stream, the material dries as it is conveyed. Drying takes place in a matter of seconds. The particle classification orifice on the top of drying chamber allows finer product to pass with exhaust gas to powder collection system while the larger particles remain in the air flow for further drying and powdering. Elevated drying temperatures can be used with many products since the flashing off of surface moisture instantly cools the drying gas without appreciably increasing the product temperature. A simple Flash Dryer is also designed to handle materials that can be suspended directly in air, requiring removal of free moisture.

Salient Features :

• High drying efficiency and low energy costs.
• Direct drying and no initial diluting.
• Continuous processing with short drying time.

Fields of Application :

• Agro chemicals
• Ceramics
• Food & Feed products
• Organic Chemicals
• Pharmaceuticals
• Pigments & dyestuffs.

Capacity Available 
Up to 5 tons/hr. and the drying chamber size from 200 to 1600 mm diameter.

Material of Construction
SS & MS

There are two basic types of atomization :

1. Nozzle atomizer
2. Disc atomizer

Spray Drier Configuration :

1. Co-Current Flow
2. Counter Current Flow

Advantages Of Using A Spray Dryer For Drying Application :

1. Control of particle size. Spray dryers can typically produce between 30 to 500 micron average particle sizes, in a bell shaped distribution.
2. The shape of most spray dried particles is spherical, which provides for fluid-like flow properties.
3. Spray drying produces the most homogeneous product.
4. Many heat sensitive products can be spray dried easily at relatively high inlet temperatures.
5. Permits drying without thermal degradation.

Evaporators are thermal concentrators for concentrating dilute liquid for increasing the solids content and for reducing volume of evaporating liquid, widely used for the concentration of liquids in the form of solutions, suspensions and emulsions.